ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ

ืคืจืง 10
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ืจืง ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื‘ืš, ื˜ืœ ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืจ ืฉืจื“ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืื”. ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืจืฆื—ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืจ ืื™ืฉื™; ื’ื•ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ื ืฉืจืคื• ืื• ื ืงื‘ืจื• ื‘ืงื‘ืจื™ ืื—ื™ื. ื›ื™ื•ื ื ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช ืื ื“ืจื˜ืื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืืชืจื™ ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื”ื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช.

ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื ื”ืคื ื• ืขื•ืจืฃ ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืคืจื˜. ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื’ืจื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื• ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.

ืžื™ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืคึผ ืžืฆื“ ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืจื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืื”?

ืืคึผ ื•ืžืจืงื• ื”ื™ื• ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ื™ื ืจ ืฉืฉืจื“ื•, ืžืœื‘ื“ ืื—ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉื ืจืฆื—.

ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ึน, ืืคืจื™ื ืจื™ื™ื ืจ, ืขื ืืฉืชื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืจื—ืœ ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื•, ืงืจืงื•ื‘, 1915. ื™ื•ึน ืจื™ื™ื ืจ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ื ืช

ืื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ึน ืจื™ื™ื ืจ, ืจื ื” (ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืขื•ืžื“ืช), ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืฉืจื“ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืื”. ื™ืชืจ ืื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื ืจืฆื—ื• ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื‘ืœื–ืณืฅ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1942: ื˜ื•ึผืกื™ื” (ืžืฉืžืืœ), ืœื•ืื™ื–ื” (ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืฉืžืืœ), ืฆึถืณืกื™ื” (ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช) ื•ืจื•ึนื–ื™ื” (ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืขื•ืžื“ืช).
ื™ื•ึน ืจื™ื™ื ืจ ื ืจืฆื— ื‘ึพ7 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1945 ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ืกื” ืคืœื“, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืกืชืชืจื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
ืื™ืžื• ื”ื—ื•ืจื’ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ึน ืจื™ื™ื ืจ, ืจื—ืœ, ื ืคื˜ืจื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1930, ื•ืื‘ื™ื•, ืืคืจื™ื, ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1941.

ื”ืื ืฉืจื“ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ืื™ืžื• ืฉืœ ืืคึผ?

ืื™ืžื• ืฉืœ ืืคึผ, ืœื•ึผ, ื•ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ื• ืกื•ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ืฉืฉืจื“ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืื”. ืืจื‘ืข ืื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ึผ, ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื™ืžื• ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœ, ืื•ื•ื”, ื•ืื—ื™ื”, ื ืจืฆื—ื• ื‘ืฉื•ืื”.

ื“ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืคึผ, ื’ื•ืกื˜ื™ (ื‘ืžืจื›ื–), ื‘ืขืœื” ืฆืณืืจื ื” ื›ื”ืŸ (ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ), ื•ื‘ื ื ืืจืชื•ืจ (ืžืฉืžืืœ), ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, 1942
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ื ืช

ื“ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืคึผ, ื’ื•ืกื˜ื™, ื•ื‘ืขืœื”, ืฆืณืืจื ื” ื›ื”ืŸ, ื’ื•ืจืฉื• ืžื•ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ืœืžื—ื ื” ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืกื•ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1943, ืฉื ื ืจืฆื—ื•.

ื‘ื ื, ืืจืชื•ืจ ื›ื”ืŸ, ื ืขืฆืจ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ื•ื ื›ืœื ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ืคื•ื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1943. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1943 ื ืฉืœื— ืืจืชื•ืจ ืœื•ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ื•ืžืฉื ื’ื•ืจืฉ ืœืžื—ื ื” ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ. ื”ื•ื ืžืช ื‘ึพ31 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1944.

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ืฆื™ื— ืืคึผ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื•, ื™ื•ึน, ื•ืืช ื“ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•?

ืืคึผ ื”ืชื’ืขื’ืข ืžืื•ื“ ืœืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืœื“ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื›ืื‘ ื”ืขืžื•ืง ืฉื—ืฉื” ืื™ืžื• ืขืœ ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื”, ืื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืื•ื•ื” ื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื™, ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ื‘ืงืจืงื•ื‘.

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื™ื“ืจื‘ืจืš. ืขืœ ืงื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ึน ืจื™ื™ื ืจ ืžื•ื ื—ืช ืžืฆื‘ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื–ื›ืจ ืื•ื•ื” ืงื™ืžืœ, ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, 2012
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ื ืช

ืชืขืชื™ืง

ืœื–ื›ืจื ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ื” ืงื™ืžืœึพื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’, ื’ื•ืกื˜ื™ ื›ื”ืŸึพื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’, ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœืณ ื›ื”ืŸ, ืืจืชื•ืจ ื›ื”ืŸ
ืฉื’ื•ืจืฉื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1943 ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืืฉืจ ื—ืœืงื• ื’ื•ืจืœ ื“ื•ืžื”
ืช.ื .ืฆ.ื‘.ื”

ืขืœ ืงื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ึน ืจื™ื™ื ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื™ื“ืจื‘ืจืš ืžื•ื ื—ืช ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ึผ ืจื™ื™ื ืจึพื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ืืฉืจ ื’ื•ืจืฉื• ืžื”ื•ืœื ื“. ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื—ืจื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ื” ื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื™, ืื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ึผ, ื‘ืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืกื˜ื™, ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฆืณืืจื ื”, ื•ื‘ื ื ืืจืชื•ืจ ื›ื”ืŸ.

ื“ื•ื“ื” ืื•ื•ื” ื—ืกืจื” ืœื™. ื”ืชื’ืขื’ืขืชื™ ืืœื™ื” โ€“ ืœื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขื ื•ื”ื ื—ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช.

Ab
ืืคึผ

ืœื–ื›ืจ ืื‘ื™, ื™ื•ึน ืจื™ื™ื ืจ, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืขืช ืืช ื”ื”ืกืคื“ ื”ืงืฆืจ ืฉืœื ื ืฉืืชื™ ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื• ื‘ืžื•ื™ื“ืจื‘ืจืš:

Ab
ืืคึผ

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ืฆื™ื—ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ื™ื ืจ ื•ืกื•ืœ ืงื™ืžืœ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœื”ื?

ืืคึผ, ืžืจืงื•, ืื™ืžื ืœื•ึผ ื•ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ื ืกื•ืœ ืคืขืœื• ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ึน ื•ื™ืืŸ ื•ืืŸ ื“ืจ ื”ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืจื• ื›ืดื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืืด. ื™ื“ ื•ืฉื ืžืขื ื™ืง ืชื•ืืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื–ื” ืœืœืึพื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ืœื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื•ืื”.

ืžืฆื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืืŸ ื•ืืŸ ื“ืจ ื”ืœื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ืกื” ืคืœื“
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ื ืช

ืชืขืชื™ืง

ื›ืืŸ ื ื— ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื•ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ืงืจ
ื™ืืŸ ื•. ื“. ื”ืœื.
ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ึพ15 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1911 โ€“ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ึพ7 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1945.
ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื’ืณ:35 ืืณ.
ื™. ื•ืืŸ ื“ืจ ื”ืœืึพืžื•ืก
ืืจื ื“ ื•ืืœื‘ืจื˜.

ื‘ึพ12 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1967 ื”ื•ืขื ืงื” ืœื™ื•ึน ื•ื™ืืŸ ื•ืืŸ ื“ืจ ื”ืœื ืื•ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขืœ ืฉื”ืกืชื™ืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ื™ื ืจ ื•ืืช ืกื•ืœ ืงื™ืžืœ. 

ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ื“ื” ืงืœืจืง ื–ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืขื ืฆืžื™ื“ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืœื• ืžืžื—ื ื” ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื–ืงืกื ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ
ืžืขื™ื–ื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืืคึผ ืจื™ื ืช. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืฆืœื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื“ื•ืข

ืžืื– ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ื• ื“ืดืจ ื“ื” ืงืœืจืง ื–ื•ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื’ืกื˜ืคื• ืฉืžืจืงื• ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื•, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืงืฉืจ ืื™ืชื•.

Ab
ืืคึผ
ื”ื–ืณืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ื“ื” ืงืœืจืง ื–ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืžืžื—ื ื” ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื–ืงืกื ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ
ยฉ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื–ื›ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืื” (USHMM), ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™.ืกื™., ืžืชื ื” ืžืขื™ื–ื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ื“ื” ืงืœืจืง ื–ื•ื‘ืœื™, ืžืกืณ 2004.554.1

ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืกื•ืœ, ืžืจืงื• ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืœืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื’ืจื ื• ืขื“ ืฉื ืืœืฆื ื• ืœื”ืกืชืชืจ.

Ab
ืืคึผ

ื”ืชืžืกืจืชื™ ื‘ืžืจืฅ ืœืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืณื™ื“ ื•ืฉืืณ, ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื‘ึพ18 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2001 ื“ืดืจ ื“ื” ืงืœืจืง ื–ื•ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื•ื›ืจ ื›ืณื—ืกื™ื“ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืืณ.

Ab
ืืคึผ

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ืฆื™ื—ื” ืื ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ ื•ื‘ื˜ืจื‘ื™ืฅ?

ืื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืœื™ ื ืงื‘ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1945. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1949 ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื™ื“ืจื‘ืจืš, ืกืžื•ืš ืœืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื” ืžื ืฆื™ื—ื” ื’ื ืืช ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื”, ืฉืžืช ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ.

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื™ื“ืจื‘ืจืš. ืžืฆื‘ื” ืœื–ื›ืจ ืืœื™ื–ื‘ื˜ ื—ืื•ื“ืงื˜ึพืœื‘ื ื‘ืš ื•ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ืœื‘ื ื‘ืš
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ืชืขืชื™ืง

ืืฉืช ื—ื™ืœ ืžื™ ื™ืžืฆื
ืœื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ
ืคื” ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืืœื™ื–ื‘ื˜ ืœื‘ื ื‘ืšึพื—ืื•ื“ืงื˜
ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ื˜ืจื‘ื™ืฅ
ื’ืณ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืดื”
15 ื‘ืžืื™ 1945
ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ืœื‘ื ื‘ืš
ื ืกืคื” ื‘ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ
ื™ืดื– ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืฉืดื”
3 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1945
ืช.ื .ืฆ.ื‘.ื”

ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ืื ืœื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” โ€“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื”, ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”, ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืึพื™ื•ื. ืœื™ืžื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืฆื• ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ื”ืžื ืฆื™ื— ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ืืช ื–ื›ืจ ื”ื•ืจื™ื”.

ืื ืœื™, 2005
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ
ื›ืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืดื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชืด ืžืืช ืื ืœื™ ื˜ืœึพืœื‘ื ื‘ืš
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ืžืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื ืŸ ื•ื ืขืžื™ ื‘ืงื‘ืจ ืื‘ื™ื”ื ืœืื—ืจ 1945?

ื—ื ืŸ ื•ื ืขืžื™ ื ืกืขื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื˜ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1992, ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื ืคื™ืœืช ื—ื•ืžืช ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ. ืžืื– ื•ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2015 ื”ื ืคืงื“ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืืช ืงื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ืกื ื“ืจ ื˜ืœ, ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ ืžืกื™ืœืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ืœืคืืœืงื ื‘ืจื’.

ื”ืกืžืŸ ื‘ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื”ึพ101.6, ืœื ื’ื ืื•ื ื“ื•ืจืฃ, 2011
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1992, ื—ื ืŸ ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ืœืื—ืจ ื ืคื™ืœืช ืžืกืš ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™
ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ
ยฉ Privatbesitz der Familie Tal

ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคืจ ืงื‘ืจื™ ืื—ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื˜ืจื‘ื™ืฅ, ื‘ื”ื ื ืงื‘ืจื• ื”ืžืชื™ื ืžืดื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื”ืด. ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื”ึพ101.6. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ื ืฆื—ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ 16 ื ืกืคื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื’ื ืกื ื“ืจ ื˜ืœ. ื”ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื ืงืœืžืŸ, ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉ ืืช ืงื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•, ื‘ืœื” ืงืœืžืŸ. ื‘ืœื” ืงืœืžืŸ ืžืช ื‘ึพ20 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1945 ื•ืกื ื“ืจ ื˜ืœ ื‘ึพ21 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1945.

ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื ื’ื ืื•ื ื“ื•ืจืฃ ื—ื ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ื‘ึพ23 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1989, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง 44 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ืžืŸ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช. ืžืื– ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื˜ืงืก ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.

ื”ืื“ื ืฉืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืื™ืชื•ืจ ืงื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื ืงืœืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืฉื‘ ื˜ืจื‘ื™ืฅ, ืฉืกื™ืคืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ืจืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืงื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืกืžื•ืš ืœืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื”ึพ101.6.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™
ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื˜ืจื‘ื™ืฅ, 2011
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1992 ืคื’ืฉื ื•, ื—ื ืŸ ื•ืื ื™, ืืช ืืจื™ืงื” ืืจืœื˜ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ืœื™ื“ ืœื ื’ื ืื•ื ื“ื•ืจืฃ.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™
ืื ืœื™ ืœื‘ื ื‘ืš (ืžืฉืžืืœ) ื•ืืจื™ืงื” ืืจืœื˜, ื˜ืจื‘ื™ืฅ, 23 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2015
ยฉ ืืชืจ ื”ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ / ื’ืื•ื“ืœื™ืฅ, ืžืกืณ 12981

ืžื™ื™ื“ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืงืฉืจ. ืืจื™ืงื” ืกื™ืคืจื” ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื ื˜ื™ึพืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืขืœื”, ื•ืฉื”ื ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ50 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™

ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ืืจื™ืงื” ืืจืœื˜, ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2015, ื”ื™ื ืงืจืื” ืœื™ ืดื ืขืžื™, ื ืขืžื™!ืด ื•ื ืชื ื” ืœื™ ืคืจืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืกืจื’ื”. ื”ื™ื ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”. ืœื ืืฉื›ื— ืื•ืชื” ืœืขื•ืœื.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™
ืืคึผ (ื‘ืจืงืข ืžืฉืžืืœ), ื—ื ืŸ ื•ื ืขืžื™ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ื‘ืกืžืŸ ื”ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื”ึพ101.6, ืœื ื’ื ืื•ื ื“ื•ืจืฃ, ืืคืจื™ืœ 2015
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ืœ ื•ืจื™ื ืช

ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2015 ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ื—ื ืŸ ื•ื ืขืžื™ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืงื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ืงื‘ื•ืจ ืกื ื“ืจ ื˜ืœ. ื ืขืžื™ ื ืฉืื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื—ื ืŸ ืืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ.

ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื โ€“ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืœืจืข.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ืฆื™ื—ื” ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ ืืช ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ?

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1994, ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ืชื ืจื•ืช, ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื• ื—ื ืŸ ื•ื ืขืžื™ ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื–ื›ืจื” ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ.

ืžืฆื‘ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื–ื›ืจ ืจื•ืช ื˜ืœ
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ืชืขืชื™ืง

ืจื•ืช ื™ื˜ื” ื˜ืœ
ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื
ื‘ืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืœื–ืŸ
3.1.1945 โ€“ 5.12.1932
ืชื ืฆื‘ืดื”

ื‘ื—ืจื ื• ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืฃ 21.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™

ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ ื ืฉืจืคื• ืื• ื ืงื‘ืจื• ื‘ืงื‘ืจื™ ืื—ื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ืฆื™ื—ื™ื ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื.

ืžืฆื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ืœื–ื›ืจ ื”ื ืกืคื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื (ืžืงื“ื™ืžื”) ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืง (ื‘ืจืงืข) ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ
ยฉ ืืชืจ ื”ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ / ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ

ืžืื•ืช ืื ื“ืจื˜ืื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืคื–ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ, ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช. ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ืžืชื•ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืื ื“ืจื˜ืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ืื•ืœื ืืชืจ ื”ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืžืื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื• ื”ื ืจื“ืคื™ื ื•ื”ื ืจืฆื—ื™ื ืืช ืจื’ืขื™ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืฉื›ื—ื• ื’ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื’ื ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื’ืฃ (Stolpersteine) ื•ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.

ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ืœื–ื›ืจ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ืœ ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืจ?

ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2025 ื ืกืขื• ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ืœ ื•ืจื™ื ืช ืœืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื’ืฃ, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืคืชื— ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื” ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ื™ื ืจ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืคืชื— ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื” ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ. ื ืขืžื™ ื ืฉืื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.

ื ืขืžื™ (ืžืฉืžืืœ) ื•ื‘ืชื” ื“ืœื™ืช, ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, 12 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2025
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ืœ ื•ืจื™ื ืช
ืื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืฃ ืœื–ื›ืจ ืจื•ืช ื˜ืœ
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ืœ ื•ืจื™ื ืช

ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ 82 ืฉื ื”.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™
ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื’ืฃ ืœื–ื›ืจ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ, ืจื•ื ื˜ื” ื•ื– ื“ื™ืืกึพืืœื–ืก ื•ืžืจื™ื•ืŸ ืืžืกื˜ืจ, ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, 12 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2025
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ืœ ื•ืจื™ื ืช

ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืœื›ืืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1945, ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ืœื™ ืื‘ื ื•ื‘ืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื—ื•ืชื™ ื”ืชืื•ืžื” ืจื•ืช.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™

ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืจืง ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื ืฆื™ื— ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ, ืืœื ื’ื ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื ื’ื“ ื“ื”ึพื”ื•ืžื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ืฉืชื™ืงื” ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืขื•ื•ืœื•ืช, ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื’ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืขื™ืžื•ืช.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™

ืžื” ืœืงื—ื• ืขืžื ื ืขืžื™ ื•ืืคึผ, ืื ืœื™ ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื?

ื ืขืžื™, ืืคึผ, ืื ืœื™ ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืœืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืื”. ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื ืื‘ืงื• ืœืžืขืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื•ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื ื’ื“ ืขื•ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืื™ึพืฆื“ืง.

ื ืขืžื™ ืจื™ื ืชึพื˜ืœ, ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, 2026
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ื ืช

ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ืš ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืณืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื•ืณ. ืืœ ืœื ื• ืœืขืฆื•ื ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื! ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฆื“ืง.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™
ืืคึผ ืจื™ื ืช
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ื ืช

ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืื‘ืชื™ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื ื•, ืืฉืจ ืœื ื ืชื ื• ืœืคื—ื“ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืชื ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืืœื ืคืขืœื• ืžืชื•ืš ืืžื•ื ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ืฉืื™ึพืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื” ืœืœื ืขื–ืจื”.

Ab
ืืคึผ
ืื ืœื™ ื˜ืœ
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ื ื™ืฆืœื ื• ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื–ืœ, ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืจื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืืฉืจืช ืขืœื™ื™ื”โ€ฆ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื–ืืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืžื™ ืฉืžื–ืœื ืœื ืฉืคืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื.

Annelie
ืื ืœื™
ื—ื ืŸ ื˜ืœ, 2019
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ืื ื—ื ื•, ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืืคืœื™ื” ื•ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชืŸ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื•ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื, ื’ื ืื ื”ื ื–ืจื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ

ืื™ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ืœืš?

ืžื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœืš?

ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœืขืฆื•ื ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื?

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ โ€“ ืœื‘ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื โ€“ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื ื’ื“ ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช?

ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš?

ืชื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืจื”ืจ ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช.

ื•ืชื•ื“ื” ืฉืงืจืืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื”ื™ื™ืช ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื•.