ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”

ืคืจืง 1
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ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื• ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“. ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ื ื”ื ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื. ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื“ืช ื ืฉืžืจ ื•ื”ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื”.

ืžื™ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื ืŸ ื•ื ืขืžื™ ื˜ืœ?

ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืคืจื“ืจื™ืงื” ื•ื– ื“ื™ืืก, ืฉื ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืฉื ืคึฐืจึตื™ื™, ื•ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื˜ืœ, ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืฉื ืกื ื“ืจ. ืœื—ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืชืื•ืžื•ืช, ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืขืžื™.

ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ, 1938. ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ: ื ืขืžื™, ืกื ื“ืจ, ืจื•ืช, ืคึฐืจึตื™ื™ ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื˜ืœ
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื• ื ื™ืฉืื• ื‘ึพ31 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1929, ื›ืฉืคึฐืจึตื™ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช 19.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ

ืžื™ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืกื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืชื•ืช?

ื›ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ, ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืฉืชื™ ื”ืกื‘ืชื•ืช ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, ื•ื›ืžื•ื”ืŸ ื’ื ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื.

ืฉืœืžื” ื˜ืœ ื•ื”ื ืจื™ื™ื˜ื” ื•ืืŸ ื–ื ื˜ืŸ, ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, 1897
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ืกื‘ื ื•ืกื‘ืชื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฆื“ ืื‘ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœืžื” ื˜ืœ, ืฉื ืงืจื ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื ืจื™ื™ื˜ื” ื•ืืŸ ื–ื ื˜ืŸ.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ
ืจื•ื ื˜ื” ืืœื–ืก ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื– ื“ื™ืืก. ืงื•ืคื ื”ื’ืŸ, 1920
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ืกื‘ื ื•ืกื‘ืชื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฆื“ ืื™ืžื ื”ื™ื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื– ื“ื™ืืก ื•ืจื•ื ื˜ื” ืืœื–ืก, ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื” ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ื˜ืข. ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื•ื– ื“ื™ืืก ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื” ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ
ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืกื‘ืชื ื ื˜ืข, ื ืขืžื™ ื•ืจื•ืช, ื“ื•ื“ื” ื”ืœื ื” ื•ืคึฐืจึตื™ื™ ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื“ืื, ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, 1936
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ืกื‘ืชื ื ื˜ืข, ืื™ืžื ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื‘ืชื ื—ืžื•ื“ื” ืžืื•ื“.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™

ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื” ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ?

ืคึฐืจึตื™ื™ ื•ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืชื ื”ื ืจื™ื™ื˜ื” ื˜ืœ ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื“ื™ืจื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื’ื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื.

ืžืคืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, 1940
ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, Cito Plans et Guides H. v. Diehlen, ืžืกืณ KOKA00617000001, ืœืœื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื
ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืชื ื”ื ืจื™ื™ื˜ื” ื˜ืœ, ื•ื™ื™ืกืคืจื–ื™ื™ื“ื” 14, ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, 1955
ยฉ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื/M. A. Button, ืžืกืณ 010122035296

ืฉืœื•ืฉืชื ื• ื™ืฉื ื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืชืื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืื‘ื ื‘ื ื”.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ
ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืจื•ืช, ื—ื ืŸ ื•ื ืขืžื™ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ื™ืกืคืจื–ื™ื™ื“ื” 14, ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ 1937
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ื’ืจื ื• ืœื™ื“ ื”ืืžืกื˜ืœ, ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื.
ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื”ืจ ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื ืคืชื—.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™
ืžืคืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, 1940
ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, Cito Plans et Guides H. v. Diehlen, ืžืกืณ KOKA00617000001, ืœืœื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื
ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ื”ืื ืก ืคืจื”ื•ืœืกื˜ 73, ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ80 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ20
ืžืขื™ื–ื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื ืŸ ื˜ืœ. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืฆืœื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื“ื•ืข

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1938 ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืœื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ

ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืœืžื“ื• ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื?

ื—ื ืŸ, ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืขืžื™ ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืดื”ืจืžืŸ ืืœื˜ื”ืด ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื.

ืจื•ืช (ืžืฉืžืืœ) ื•ื ืขืžื™ (ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ) ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 7, 1939
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1939 ืจื•ืช ื•ืื ื™ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื›ื™ืชื” ืืณ, ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืจื’ืฉ ื•ืžืฉืžื— ืฉื—ื™ื›ื™ื ื• ืœื• ืžืื•ื“.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™
ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ืชื” ื’ืณ. ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ืขื ื™ื‘ื”, ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืื• ืงื™ืฅ 1939
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ 1939 ืœืžื“ื• 43 ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื’ืณ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืจืžืŸ ืืœื˜ื”.

31 ืžื”ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืืœื˜ื™ื” ืคื•ืจื˜ืื•ืŸ, ื ืกืคื• ืœื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืื”. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื ืขืžื“ ืขืœ 74% ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืชื” โ€“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”ื” ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ืฉื•ืื”.

ืจืง 12 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืจื“ื•. ืœื™ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื”ื ืขืœื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื—ื ืŸ ื˜ืœ.

 

ื‘ืžื” ืขืกืงื• ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ?

ืกื ื“ืจ ื˜ืœ ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืขืกืง ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืฉื”ืงื™ื ืื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคึฐืจึตื™ื™ ื•ื– ื“ื™ืืก. ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืืš ื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืื‘ื™ื” ื—ืœื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืงืฉื”.

ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื ื“ืจ ื˜ืœ, ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ30 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ20
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1927, ืกื‘ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื– ื“ื™ืืก, ื—ืœื” ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ืœื‘ ื•ื›ืœื™ื•ืช.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ

ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉืงืœื• ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื•ืœื ื“?

ืคึฐืจึตื™ื™ ื•ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื ื•ืขืจ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ืฉืื• ื•ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื”ื ืฉืงืœื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ืฉื•ืจื” ืงื“ืžื™ืช, ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืคึฐืจึตื™ื™ ื•ืกื ื“ืจ, ืฉืœื•ื‘ื™ ื–ืจื•ืข, ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืดื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ืด
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ19 ื›ืชื ื•ืขื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช. ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ืงืจืื• ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืกื‘ืœื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื“ืชื™ ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœืงื“ื ืืช ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื ืงืจืื” ืขืœ ืฉื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื™ืฆืื•  ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช. ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœื”ืงื™ื ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื” (ืืดื™).
ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื• ื–ืจื ืžื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ื ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื ื•ืขืจ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืดื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ืด ื•ืดืžื–ืจื—ื™ืด. ืคึฐืจึตื™ื™ ื•ืกื ื“ืจ ื˜ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืืœื•.

ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื• ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ30 ื ื“ื—ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ

ืฉื ืช 1941 ื ืงื‘ืขื” ื›ื™ืขื“ ืœืขืœื™ื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1939 ืฉื™ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ

ื”ืื ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื’ืจ?

ืื—ื™ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืคึฐืจึตื™ื™, ื–ืณืืง ื•ื– ื“ื™ืืก, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1936.

ื–ืณืืง ื•ื– ื“ื™ืืก, ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื” (ืืดื™), 1936
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1933 ื”ื—ืœ ื”ื“ื•ื“ ื–ืณืืง ื•ื– ื“ื™ืืก ื‘ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ื”.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ

ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื” ืื ืœื™ ืœื‘ื ื‘ืš ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”?

ืื ืœื™ ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื” ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืื—ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ, ื™ื•ืกื˜, ื‘ื‘ื ื˜ืคืœื“ ืฉื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื ื“ืคื•ืจื˜ืจ 8.

ืžืคืช ื‘ื ื˜ืคืœื“ ื•ื”ืืจืœื, ืขื ื•ืœืกืŸ, ืื™ื™ืžืื•ื“ืŸ ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื
ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื ื“, H. van Diehlen, 1940/ 560 โ€“ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืคื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ืœืก ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื ื“, A(492.624)075 B
ืื ืœื™ ืœื‘ื ื‘ืš, ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ30 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ20
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ืฉืจืช, ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.

Annelie
ืื ืœื™

ืžื™ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืœื™?

ื”ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื. ืื™ืžื”, ืืœื™ื–ื‘ื˜ ื—ืื•ื“ืงื˜, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœื™ืกื™ื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื. ืื‘ื™ื”, ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ืœื‘ื ื‘ืš, ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื“ื•ืœืฃ, ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื.

ืืœื™ื–ื‘ื˜ ื—ืื•ื“ืงื˜, ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ20 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ20 (ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ื‘)
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ืื™ืžื™, ืœื™ืกื™ื” ื—ืื•ื“ืงื˜, ืœืžื“ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื.

Annelie
ืื ืœื™
ื“ื•ืœืฃ ืœื‘ื ื‘ืš, ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ20 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ20 (ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ื‘)
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ืื‘ื™, ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ืœื‘ื ื‘ืš, ื•ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื•ืœืฃ, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื—ื™ื. ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• ื ืกืข ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1916 ืœึพ1918 ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ื”.

Annelie
ืื ืœื™
ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืกื” โ€“ ืกื™ืจืงื™ื•ื–, ื“ื’ื ืดืื™ื–ื™ืด, ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, 1935 ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ื‘
ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, CC BY 4.0 ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™

ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ30 ืงื™ื™ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื—ื‘ืจ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื•ืชื™ืง ื‘ืฉื ืงื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ืฉื™ื™ื‘ื ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืกื” ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.

Annelie
ืื ืœื™

ืžื™ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืกื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืœื™?

ืื ืœื™ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืคื’ืฉื” ืืช ืกื‘ื” ืžืฆื“ ืื‘ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื” ื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1935. ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ื ืžืกื‘ืชื” ืžืฆื“ ืื‘ื™ื”, ืจื•ื–ื” ืœื‘ื ื‘ืš.

ืื ืœื™ ืขื ืกื‘ืชื” ืจื•ื–ื” ืœื‘ื ื‘ืš, 1935
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ืกื‘ื™ ืžืฆื“ ืื‘ื™ ื ืคื˜ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ืชื™, ืืš ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ืกื‘ืชื™, ื•ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ืžืื•ื“.

Annelie
ืื ืœื™

ืžื™ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืคึผ ืจื™ื™ื ืจ?

ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืคึผ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืจื™ื™ื ืจ, ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ื•ึน, ื•ืœืื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’, ืฉื ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื•ึผ. ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘ืงืจืงื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื.

ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ึน, ืืคืจื™ื ืจื™ื™ื ืจ, ืขื ืืฉืชื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืจื—ืœ ื•ืขื ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื•, ืงืจืงื•ื‘, 1915. ื™ื•ึน ืจื™ื™ื ืจ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ื ืช

ืื‘ื ื™ื•ึน ืขื‘ืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื”, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืกืกื™ื ื•ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืขื•ืจื•ืช.

Ab
ืืคึผ
ืœืื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 18 ืื• 19, ืงืจืงื•ื‘, 1922
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ื ืช

ื‘ืงืจืงื•ื‘ ืœืžื“ื• ืื™ืžื ืœืื” ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืึพื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืฉืคืช ื”ืื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.

Ab
ืืคึผ
ืœื•ึผ, ื™ื•ึน ื•ืืคึผ ืจื™ื™ื ืจ, ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, 1931
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ื ืช

ืื‘ื ื•ืื™ืžื ื ืคื’ืฉื• ื•ื”ืชืื”ื‘ื•. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืื‘ื ืžืฆื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, ืื™ืžื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืืœื™ื• ื•ื”ื ื ื™ืฉืื•.

Ab
ืืคึผ

ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื” ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ื™ื ืจ ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื?

ืืคึผ ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืœื•ื˜ืžื” 15 ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1932 ื ื•ืœื“ ืื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืคึผ, ืžืจืงื•, ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื“ื™ืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื“ืจืช ื–ืื•ื“ืจ ืืžืกื˜ืœ 37. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1940 ืœึพ1943 ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื•ื™ืœื™ื ืง 13 III.

ืžืคืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, 1940
ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, Cito Plans et Guides H. v. Diehlen, ืžืกืณ KOKA00617000001, ืœืœื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื
ืฉื“ืจืช ื–ืื•ื“ืจ ืืžืกื˜ืœ (ืœื™ืžื™ื ืฉื“ืจืช ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜), ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, 1930
ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื/ืื’ื•ื“ืช ืจืžื‘ืจื ื“ื˜, ืžืกืณ PRKBB00136000002, ืœืœื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื

ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืš, ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”.

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ืืคึผ

ืžื™ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ื™ื ืจ?

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1930 ืขื‘ืจื” ืื•ื•ื” ืงื™ืžืœ, ืื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืœืื”, ืขื ื‘ื ื” ืกื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ื™ื ืจ. ืกื•ืœ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1928, ืืš ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื ืคืจื“ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ืช 1930. ื“ื•ื“ื” ืื•ื•ื” ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ื“ ืกื•ืœ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”.

ืกื•ืœ ื•ืื•ื•ื” ืงื™ืžืœ, 1934
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ื ืช

ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืœืžื“ื• ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื?

ืืคึผ, ืกื•ืœ ื•ืžืจืงื• ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื”. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ื ืœืžื“ื• ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ื ื›ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช.

ืืคึผ ื•ืกื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”, ืœืคื ื™ 1941. ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”: ืืคึผ ืžืฉืžืืœ, ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื™ืช ืื ื” ืคืจื ืง, ืฆื™ืœื•ื: J.M. Bakels

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืคืขืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื•ื ื˜ืกื•ืจื™.

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ืืคึผ

ื”ืื ืืคึผ ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื•?

ื›ืฉืืคึผ ื ื•ืœื“, ื”ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื• ื•ืื™ืžื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื›ื• ืœืขื•ืœืžื. ืืคึผ ืคื’ืฉ ืืช ืกื‘ื•, ืืคืจื™ื ืจื™ื™ื ืจ, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1938, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืกื‘ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืงืจืงื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื.

ืืคืจื™ื ืจื™ื™ื ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื’ืŸ, 1938, ืขื ืืคึผ (ืžืฉืžืืœ), ืžืจืงื• (ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ) ื•ืกื•ืœ (ื™ื•ืฉื‘)
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ื ืช

ื”ื•ืคืชืขื ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืกื‘ื ื• ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ืœืœ.

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ืืคึผ

ื‘ืžื” ืขืกืงื• ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื?

ื™ื•ึน ืจื™ื™ื ืจ ืขื‘ื“ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ื ืฆื™ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืกื—ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื™ื™ืกื“ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืฉืœื• ื‘ืฉื ืดืจื™ื™ื ืงื•ืด. ื”ื“ื•ื“ื” ืื•ื•ื” ืงื™ืžืœ ืขื‘ื“ื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื; ื”ื™ื ืชืคืจื” ื•ืขื™ืฆื‘ื” ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื.

ืื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ืจื™ื™ื ืงื•, 1937/38
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ื ืช

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1935 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื‘ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืคืขืœ ื‘ืฉื ืณืจื™ื™ื ืงื•ืณ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ืขืœื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื ืขืœื™ ืงื™ืฅ.

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ืืคึผ