ืคืจืง 7: ืดื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื”ืด ื•ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ

ืคืจืง 7
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ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1945 ืคื™ื ื• ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืืกึพืืก ืืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ืžืžื—ื ื” ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ืŸ ืœื˜ืจื–ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื˜. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ืžืชื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ืื• ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืื—ืจื™ื”. ืื—ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื” ืกืžื•ืš ืœืขื™ื™ืจื” ื˜ืจื‘ื™ืฅ. ืœื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ื“ืขื” ืจื›ื‘ืช ื–ื• ื‘ืฉื ืดื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื”ืด.

ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืืกึพืืก ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ืžืžื—ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ?

ื”ืืกึพืืก ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ืขืจืš. ื”ื ืงื™ื•ื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืžื•ืจืชื ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช. ื”ื ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื”ืชืงืจื‘ื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžื—ื ื”.

ื”ืžื—ืกื•ื. ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžืืช ืกื•ื–ื ื” ืฉื•ืœืจ, ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ, 1944/45
ยฉ ืืชืจ ื”ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ

ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืดื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื”ืด. ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจืง ื”ื ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื–ื ื” ืฉื•ืœืจ. ืืœื” ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ื—ืœืงื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืžืฉ, ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช. 

ื’ื ืฉื•ืœืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืกื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ. ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ืœ ื•ืœื‘ื ื‘ืš, ืืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช.

ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื! ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื–ื” ืงืจื”.

Annelie
ืื ืœื™

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืžืžื—ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ืืœ ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช?

ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœืฆืขื•ื“ ื›ืฉื™ืฉื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืืœ ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช. ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื—ืœืฉื™ื, ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื–ืงื ื™ื ื”ื•ืกืขื• ื‘ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช.

ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช. ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžืืช ืกื•ื–ื ื” ืฉื•ืœืจ, ืืคืจื™ืœ 1945
ยฉ Bergen-Belsen Memorial

ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืกึพืืก ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ืืœืคื™ ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ?

ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ ืฆืขื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืžื—ื ื•ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืื—ืจื™ื. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืืกื™ืจื™ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–, ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื”ืืกึพืืก ืœืขื•ืžืง ื”ืจื™ื™ืš ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™.

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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืคื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื”ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœืคื™ ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ

ืžื” ืจืื• ืืกื™ืจื™ ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืืœ ื”ืจืฆื™ืฃ?

ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ. ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžืืช ืกื•ื–ื ื” ืฉื•ืœืจ, ืืคืจื™ืœ 1945
ยฉ ืืชืจ ื”ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ

ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืื• ืœืงืจืืชื ื•.

Annelie
ืื ืœื™

ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืจืฆื™ืคื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™

ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื—ืœืฃ ืขื“ ืฉืดื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื”ืด ื™ืฆืื” ืœื“ืจืš?

ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืฉืขื” ื”ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืจื›ื‘ืช.

Annelie
ืื ืœื™

ืœืžื—ืจืช, ืœืงืจืืช ื—ืฆื•ืช, ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ืกื•ืข.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ

ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืกืข?

ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืคื•ืคื” ืžืื•ื“. ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื” ืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื•ืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื.

ื“ื•ึผืกึดื™ ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื” ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” (ืืกื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉื). ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžืืช ืกื•ื–ื ื” ืฉื•ืœืจ, ืืคืจื™ืœ 1945
ยฉ ืืชืจ ื”ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ

ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™

ื”ืื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืกืข?

ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื—ื•ืœืงื• ืžืขื˜ ืžืฆืจื›ื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืกืข ืขืฆืžื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ื ืื• ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ, ืืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื.

ื ืฉืืจื ื• ื‘ืœื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื”.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ

ื—ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืœื”โ€ซ. ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœ.โ€ฌโ€ฌโ€ฌโ€ฌโ€ฌโ€ฌโ€ฌโ€ฌโ€ฌโ€ฌโ€ฌโ€ฌโ€ฌโ€ฌโ€ฌโ€ฌโ€ฌโ€ฌโ€ฌ

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™

ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืœื ื‘ืจื—ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช?

ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ื›ื‘ื“ื”, ืืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืจื•ื—.

ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืงื˜ืจ? ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžืืช ืกื•ื–ื ื” ืฉื•ืœืจ, ืืคืจื™ืœ 1945
ยฉ ืืชืจ ื”ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ

ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื™ื•ืืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ื ืื—ื–ื• ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ื–ืืช, ื›ืžื•... ื›ืื™ืœื• ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžื.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™

ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช?

ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื ืกืขื” ื‘ืžืกื“ืจื•ืŸ ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื“ื•ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื—. ื”ื™ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื’ื˜ื• ื˜ืจื–ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื˜.

ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืดื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื”ืด. ืžืคื” ืžืกืณ 3 ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืคืช ืœืดืกืคืจ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืด ืœืฉื ืช 1941 (IE 762 b), ืžืฆื‘ ืœืฉื ืช 1935 (ืงื˜ืข), ื—ื‘ืจืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืดืž, ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืจื™ื™ืš ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช; ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื™ืชื•ื’ืจืคื™
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’

ื ืกืขื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื“ืจืš ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ื•ืขืจืช ื•ื—ืจื‘ื”.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ

ืžื“ื•ืข ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืชื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืกืข?

ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืžืชื• ืžืจืขื‘, ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ืžืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช. ืื—ืจื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช.

ื”ื•ืชืงืคื ื• ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื“ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžืื•ืœืชืจื™ื ืฉืงืฉืจื ื• ืขืœ ื’ื’ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื ื•ืช.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ

ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืขืฆืจื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช. ื”ื•ืจื• ืœื ื• ืœืฆืืช.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™

ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ืกื™ืขื”, ืื ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช, ืงื‘ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ืœืฆื“ ื”ืžืกื™ืœื”.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ

ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื, ื•ืื– ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื–ืจืงื• ืื•ืชื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”...

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™

ื•ืื– ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™
Bild Ch7 Abb7.2 web

ืกื ื“ืจ ื˜ืœ

1903โ€“1945

ืกื ื“ืจ ื˜ืœ, 1903โ€“1945
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ืื‘ื ื“ืขืš ืžืจืขื‘ ื•ืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ึพ21 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1945, ื—ืณ ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืดื”, ื”ื•ื ื ืคื˜ืจ.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ
ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ึพ10 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1945
ยฉ ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ ืืจื•ืœื–ืŸ, ITS Digital Archive, 1.1.3.1/3394945

ืชืขืชื™ืง

ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ึพ10 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1945
[...]
21 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1945, ืขืœ ื”ืงื• ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ื•ืœื“ื”โ€“ื˜ื•ืจื’ืื•, ืœืคื ื™ ืคืืœืงื ื‘ืจื’
[...]
123. ื˜ืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ 24-10-03 [ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™]
[โ€ฆ]
ื”ืžืชื™ื ืฉืžืกืคืจื™ื”ื 113 ืขื“ 128 ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืงื• ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ื•ืœื“ื”โ€“ืคืืœืงื ื‘ืจื’, ื‘ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ 101.6 ื‘ืฆื“ื• ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืงื• ื”ืžืกื™ืœื”, ื›ึพ10 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื”ืžืกื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืขืจ.

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืดื–ืงืŸ ื”ืžื—ื ื”ืด ืฉืœ ืดืžื—ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืืด, ืชื™ืขื“ ื‘ืคื ืงืก ืงื˜ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืดืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื”ืด. ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื, ืžื•ืขื“ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื, ืžืงื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื•ืืจืฅ ืœื™ื“ืชื. 

ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื›ืืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื™ืก.

ืžืชื™ ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ืืกื™ืจื™ ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ?

ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื“ื•ื ืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ืดื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื”ืด ืกืžื•ืš ืœืขื™ื™ืจื” ื˜ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘ึพ23 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1945.

Susanne Schuller, โ€œFirst Russiansโ€, April 1945
ยฉ Bergen-Belsen Memorial

ื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื“ืžืžื”.

Annelie
ืื ืœื™

ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื ื•!

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™

ืื™ืžื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืฉื” ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื™ื•ืกื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืจื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื“.

Annelie
ืื ืœื™

ืžื“ื•ืข ื ืืœืฆื• ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื?

ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื˜ืจื‘ื™ืฅ. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื”ืœืื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื”.

ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืงืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืฉืœืœ. ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžืืช ืกื•ื–ื ื” ืฉื•ืœืจ, ืืคืจื™ืœ 1945
ยฉ ืืชืจ ื”ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ

ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœื” ืกื•ื–ื ื” ืฉื•ืœืจ ืœืจืฉื•ื ื‘ืขืคืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืฆืื” ื‘ื˜ืจื‘ื™ืฅ. ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืชืืจืช ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืช ืดื”ืฉืœืœืด ืฉืœื”ื ืืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช. ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืžื™ ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ืžืื—ื•ืจ.

ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ืืžืจื• ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืœื–ื•ื– ื•ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื. ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืฉื•.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™
ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืฉื•ืœ 15, ื˜ืจื‘ื™ืฅ, ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ90 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ20
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืคื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืฉื•ืœ 15. ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.

ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื›ื•ื— ื™ืจื“ ืžื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื•ื›ืœ... ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืœืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืœืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื?

ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื˜ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืฉืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื”ื ืืฆื™ื.

ื›ืš ืขื“ื™ืฃ, ืื ื”ื (ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื“ื•ื) ื™ื—ื–ืจื•. ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžืืช ืกื•ื–ื ื” ืฉื•ืœืจ, ืื‘ื™ื‘ 1945
ยฉ ืืชืจ ื”ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ

ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื–ื” ืžืชืืจืช ืกื•ื–ื ื” ืฉื•ืœืจ ืชื•ืฉื‘ืช ื˜ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ื”ืžื—ื‘ื™ืื” ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื™ื“ืช ืžื’ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืื•ืชื• ื•ืฉื•ืจืคืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื ื•ืจ. 

ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉื• ืฉืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื ืืฆื™ื–ื ืื• ื”ืคื™ืงื• ืžืžื ื• ืชื•ืขืœืช. ื”ื ื—ืฉืฉื• ืžื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื“ื•ื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื•.

ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื˜ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ื—ื–ืจื• ื•ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื•...

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™

ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืขืœื, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืฉื™ื... ืœื ืœื“ืขืช.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™

ืžื“ื•ืข ืžืชื• ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจื‘ื™ืฅ?

ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื ืžืชื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืชื ืื™ ื”ืžืืกืจ: ืชืชึพืชื–ื•ื ื”, ืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ.

ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืื™ืžื ื—ืœืชื” ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืงื“ื—ื” ืžื—ื•ื.

Annelie
ืื ืœื™
Bild Ch7 Abb12.2 web

ืืœื™ื–ื‘ื˜ ืœื‘ื ื‘ืšึพื—ืื•ื“ืงื˜

1894โ€“1945

ืืœื™ื–ื‘ื˜ ืœื‘ื ื‘ืšึพื—ืื•ื“ืงื˜, 1894โ€“1945
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ืื™ืžื ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ึพ15 ื‘ืžืื™ 1945, ื’ืณ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืดื”, ื—ืžืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืฆื•ืช.

Annelie
ืื ืœื™
ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ืจื‘ื™ืฅ, ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ90 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ20
ยฉ ืืชืจ ื”ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ / ืืจื™ืงื” ืืจืœื˜

ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืชื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืดื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื”ืด, ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ื˜ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘ื™ืช ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืฆื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™.

ืื™ืžื ื ืงื‘ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ืจื‘ื™ืฅ.

Annelie
ืื ืœื™
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื™ื“ืจื‘ืจืš. ืžืฆื‘ื” ืœื–ื›ืจื ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื–ื‘ื˜ ืœื‘ื ื‘ืšึพื—ืื•ื“ืงื˜ ื•ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ืœื‘ื ื‘ืš
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ืชืขืชื™ืง

ืืฉืช ื—ื™ืœ ืžื™ ื™ืžืฆื
ืœื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ
ืคื” ื ืงื‘ืจื” ืืœื™ื–ื‘ื˜ ืœื‘ื ื‘ืšึพื—ืื•ื“ืงื˜
ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ื˜ืจื‘ื™ืฅ
ื’ืณ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืดื”
15 ื‘ืžืื™ 1945
ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ืœื‘ื ื‘ืš
ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ
ื™ืดื– ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืฉืดื”
3 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1945
ืช.ื .ืฆ.ื‘.ื”

ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื, ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ื” ื ื˜ืžื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื™ื“ืจื‘ืจืš, ืœื™ื“ ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื.

Annelie
ืื ืœื™
ืคืจืง 8: ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื