ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง

ืคืจืง 5
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžืขืฆืจื ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืœ ืดืžื—ื ื” ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจืชื™ืด ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง. ืžืฉื ื™ืฆืื• ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืืœ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ื•ืกื•ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืœ ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ ื•ืืœ ื’ื˜ื• ื˜ืจื–ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื˜. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ืœ ื•ืœื‘ื ื‘ืš ื”ื™ื• ืืฉืจื•ืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื”, ื”ืŸ ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ. ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ื™ื ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื•ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืคืกืงื• ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื.

ืžื” ื—ื•ื•ืชื” ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืœื‘ื ื‘ืš ืขื ื”ื’ืขืชื” ืœื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง?

ืื ืœื™, ืื—ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกื˜ ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื, ืœื™ืกื™ื” ื•ื“ื•ืœืฃ ืœื‘ื ื‘ืš, ืคื’ืฉื• ื‘ื•ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื ืงื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืฉื ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื•ื“ืื’ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื ืชื’ื•ืจืฉ ืžื™ื“.

ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง: ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืจื™ืคื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. ื‘ืจืงืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืืจื•ื‘ื”, 1942
ยฉ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืจืฆื— ืขื, ืฉื•ืื” ื•ืžืœื—ืžื” (NIOD), ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืžืกืณ 161916

ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื ื”, ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื” ืดืฉื“ืจืช ื”ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืืด, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืจื›ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ 1942 ื”ื•ืืจื›ื” ืžืกื™ืœืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื›ืš ืฉืชื’ื™ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื—ื ื”, ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื•ื™ืฆืื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื“ืจื”. ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืขืฆืจื• ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื›ื”ืืœืŸ, ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ื ื”, ื•ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœืฆืขื•ื“ ื‘ืจื’ืœ ืขื ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ืขื“ ืœืžื—ื ื”.

ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื‘ื•ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ืคื’ืฉื ื• ืืช ืงื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื™.

Annelie
ืื ืœื™
ืžืคืช ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง
ยฉ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื–ื›ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืื” (USHMM), ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™.ืกื™., ืžืกืณ 08049. ื‘ืื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื ื™ ื”ืœืจ

ืžื—ื ื” ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1939 ื›ืดืžื—ื ื” ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืด ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื ื“. ื‘ึพ1 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1942 ื”ื•ืกื‘ ื”ืžื—ื ื” ืœโ€ืžื—ื ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืฉื˜ืจืชื™ืด ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื.

ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื’ืจื•ืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1938 ื ืžืœื˜ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืืœ ื”ื•ืœื ื“. ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœืฉื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉื”ืงื™ืžื” ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื›ืคืจ ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ืฉื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื“ืจื ืชื”, ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸึพืžื–ืจื— ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืชืงืคื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืฉื”ื• ื‘ื•ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืฆืื” ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ.

ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื ื™ืขืช ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื‘ึพ15 ื‘ืžืื™ 1940 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช ืœืจื›ื– ื‘ื•ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืžืฉืžืขืช ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช ื•ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ. ืขื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืœื ื”ืœื• ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ื“ื•ืžื”.

ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืขื“ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื—ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืคื” ื”ื•ื›ื ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื‘ึพ12 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1945.

ืงื•ื“ื ื”ืœื›ื ื• ืœืจื™ืฉื•ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืžื ื”ืœื”, ื•ืื– ืœื”ืกื’ืจ ืœืคืœื™ื™ืช ื›ื™ื ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื›ื™ื ื™ื.

Annelie
ืื ืœื™

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืจืื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง?

ืฆืจื™ืคื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืชื ืื™ ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื” ื™ืจื•ื“ื™ื, ืืš ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืœื ืกื‘ืœื• ืžืจืขื‘ ื•ืœื ื—ื•ื• ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช. ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื’ื•ืจืฉ ืžื™ื“ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“. ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช.

ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง, ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฆืจื™ืคื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืฆื™ืœื•ื (ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”): Rudolf Werner Breslauer, 1942โ€“1944
ยฉ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืจืฆื— ืขื, ืฉื•ืื” ื•ืžืœื—ืžื” (NIOD), ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืžืกืณ 66314

ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ื›ืคืจ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆืจื™ืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืงืฃ ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืชื™ืœ ื•ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขื ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื ื˜ืข ื‘ื ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืื™ืžื”.

Annelie
ืื ืœื™
ืžื—ื ื” ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง. ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฆืจื™ืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืฉืจืง ื ื‘ื ื” ื•ื˜ืจื ืื•ื›ืœืก. ืฆื™ืœื•ื (ืจืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื”): Rudolf Werner Breslauer, 1942โ€“1944
ยฉ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืจืฆื— ืขื, ืฉื•ืื” ื•ืžืœื—ืžื” (NIOD), ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืžืกืณ 66383

ื‘ื•ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ื’ืจื ื• ื‘ืฆืจื™ืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆืจื™ืฃ. ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ
ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฅ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืœืื›ื”, ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง, 1943. ืฆื™ืœื•ื: Rudolf Werner Breslauer
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, ืžืกืณ F001656

ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ืณื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจืณ ื•ืฉื™ื—ืงื ื•, ื”ืชืจื•ืฆืฆื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงืจ ืื• ื’ืฉื•ื ืžื“ื™.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™

ืื•ืชื ื•, ื”ื ืขืจื™ื, ื”ืขืกื™ืงื• ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื”.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื• ื”ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืึพื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ?

ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื•ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉื’ืจื” ืฉื›ืœืœื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.

ื”ื›ื ืช ืจื›ื‘ืช ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ, ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง, 1943/44
ยฉ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืจืฆื— ืขื, ืฉื•ืื” ื•ืžืœื—ืžื” (NIOD), ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืžืกืณ 66087

ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื ื” ืจื™ื›ื•ื–, ื›ื™ ืื ืžื—ื ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ื ื•ืจืื™.

Annelie
ืื ืœื™
ืžื•ืคืข ืจึถื‘ึฐื™ื•ึผ ืฉืœ ืดAuf der Heide Alleinืด, ืžื—ื ื” ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง, 1944 ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ื‘
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, ืžืกืณ F301987

ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ื•ืงื‘ืจื˜.

Annelie
ืื ืœื™
ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ืืกึพืืก ืžืคืงื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืชื” ืฉืœ ืจื›ื‘ืช ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ. ื’ืžืงืจ ืขื•ืžื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžืฉืžืืœ; ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช. ืฆื™ืœื•ื: Rudolf Werner Breslauer
ยฉ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืจืฆื— ืขื, ืฉื•ืื” ื•ืžืœื—ืžื” (NIOD), ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืžืกืณ 66110

ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืกื˜ืคื• ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืงื•ื ืจื“ ื’ืžืงืจ ืžื•ื ื” ืœืžืคืงื“ ืดืžื—ื ื” ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจืชื™ืด ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ื‘ึพ12 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1942. ื”ื•ื ืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื›ืš ืฉื”ื›ื•ืœ โ€“ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื โ€“ ื™ืชื ื”ืœ ืœืœื ืชืงืœื•ืช ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ื’ื ืœืœื ืืœื™ืžื•ืช. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืกื™ื ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืจื•ืžื”, ื ืงืจืื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ, ื’ืžืงืจ ืคื™ืงื— ืขืœ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืžืงืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ืžื’ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื ืจืฆื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื”. ืืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื ื” ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื”, ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžืืกืจ ืงืฆืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

ืชืฆืœื•ื ื–ื”, ืœืฆื“ ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ื•ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื• ื‘ืžื—ื ื”, ืฆื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ื“ื•ืœืฃ ื•ืจื ืจ ื‘ืจืกืœืื•ืืจ. ื‘ืจืกืœืื•ืืจ, ืฆืœื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™, ื ืžืœื˜ ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืกืชื™ื• 1938 ื•ื ื›ืœื ื‘ื•ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ื”ื—ืœ ืžืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1942. ื‘ืกืชื™ื• 1944 ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจืฉ ืœื’ื˜ื• ื˜ืจื–ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื˜ ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืžื—ื ื” ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅึพื‘ื™ืจืงื ืื•, ืฉื ื ืจืฆื—.

ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืจื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื•ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง, ื ืงืจืื ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืœื™ืœื”.

Annelie
ืื ืœื™

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ื“ืข ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ ื›ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ืืฉืจืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื”?

ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸึพืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื ืฉืœื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืœืฆืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ื•ื‘ื” ื ืžืกืจ ื›ื™ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื” ืื•ืฉืจื” ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช.

ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ืชืขืชื™ืง

ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸึพืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื
ื–ืณื ื‘ื” (ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ)
ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื•ืœื ื“ FD/AB
ื”ืคื•ื ื”
ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžื”ื•ืœื ื“
ืžืงื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื
ืืจืฅ ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื”
ื”ื•ื“ืขื” (ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžึพ25 ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืื•ืคื™ ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“)
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื”: ืื ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืœื•ื•ืืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ืขื“ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื: ืžืกืคืจื™ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ื ืฉืœื—ื• ื‘ืžื‘ืจืง ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืฉืื•ืฉืจื• ื›ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ื•ืคืงื“ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื” ื”ืžื’ื ื” ื‘ื‘ืจืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื˜ืœ m/438/43/c/228.
ืชืืจื™ืš 18.X.1943
ื ืžืขืŸ
ืฉื ื˜ืœ
ืฉื ืคืจื˜ื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ
ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™, ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื ื™ืง[ื•ืœืก] ืžืืก 55, ืช.ื“ I.3940
ืžืงื•ื ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื
ืืจืฅ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื ื“
ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ืœื ื“

ื‘ึพ18 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื›ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื’ืขืชื ื• ืœื•ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื ืฉืื™ืฉืจื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ืคื™ืงื˜ื™ื (ืืฉืจื•ืช ืขืœื™ื™ื”) ืœืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื”!

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื—ื•ื•ืชื” ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ?

ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ ื’ื•ืจืฉื” ืœืžื—ื ื” ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ ื‘ึพ11 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1944. ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืกื‘ืจื” ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืดืžื—ื ื” ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸืด, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื˜ืข ื‘ื” ืชืงื•ื•ื”.

ื‘ื•ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืชืง ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืœื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ืชืขืชื™ืง

ืžืจ ื˜ืœ, ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ [ื ื•ืœื“:] 03[19].24.10. ืฆืจ[ื™ืฃ]; 61
ืขื ืื™ืฉื”; ืคืจื“ืจื™ืงื”, ืœื‘ื™ืช ื•ื– ื“ื™ืืก
ื™ืœื“ื™ื; ืกื™ื™ืœื•ืžื• [ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื—ื ืŸ], ืจื•ืช, ื ืขืžื™
ื”ื ืš ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื—ื ื” ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, 44[19].11.1.
ืžื ื”ืœื” DB II
ื™ืœื“ืช ืื•ืžื ื”: ืžืจื™ื•ืŸ ืืžืกื˜ืจ [ื ื•ืœื“ื”] 28[19].9.4

ื‘ึพ11 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1944, ื—ื™ื›ืชื” ืœื ื• ื‘ื•ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ืจื›ื‘ืช ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื™ืฉื ื”. ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื”.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ
ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืžืžื—ื ื” ื”ืžืขืฆืจ ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ืœืžื—ื ื” ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ, ืœืคื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ. ืžืคื” ืžืกืณ 3 ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืคืช ืœืดืกืคืจ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืด ืœืฉื ืช 1941 (IE 762 b), ืžืฆื‘ ืœืฉื ืช 1935 (ืงื˜ืข), ื—ื‘ืจืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืดืž, ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืจื™ื™ืš ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช; ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื™ืชื•ื’ืจืคื™
ยฉ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’

ื‘ึพ11 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1944 ื’ื•ืจืฉื• 1037 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื•ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ืœืžื—ื ื” ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืืœ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื”, ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื• ืžืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืขื™ื. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1944 ืืจื›ื” ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื›ืฉืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช. ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ืœื”ื•ื›ื”ืืœืŸ, ืžืฉื ืฆืคื•ื ื” ืœื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื’ืŸ, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—ื” ื“ืจืš ืื•ืœื“ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ ื•ื‘ืจืžืŸ ืขื“ ืœืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื’ืŸ.

ืžืชื™ ื’ื•ืจืฉื” ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืœื‘ื ื‘ืš?

ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืœื‘ื ื‘ืš ื’ื•ืจืฉื” ืœื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ ื‘ึพ15 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1944. ืื ืœื™, ืื—ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกื˜ ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืขืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื”ึพืขืฉืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื”.

ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืžืžื—ื ื” ื”ืžืขืฆืจ ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ืœืžื—ื ื” ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ, ืœืคื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืœื‘ื ื‘ืš. ืžืคื” ืžืกืณ 3 ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืคืช ืœืดืกืคืจ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืด ืœืฉื ืช 1941 (IE 762 b), ืžืฆื‘ ืœืฉื ืช 1935 (ืงื˜ืข), ื—ื‘ืจืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืดืž, ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืจื™ื™ืš ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช; ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื™ืชื•ื’ืจืคื™
ยฉ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’

ื‘ึพ15 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1944 ื™ืฆืื” ืจื›ื‘ืช ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืœืžื—ื ื” ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ ื•ืขืœื™ื” 210 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื 14 ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ึพ44 ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื ืกืขื” ืžื•ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ื“ืจื•ืžื”, ื“ืจืš ื”ื•ื›ื”ืืœืŸ, ื—ืฆืชื” ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื ื˜ื”ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื“ืจืš ืื•ืกื ื‘ืจื•ืง, ื”ื ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ืฆืœื” ืืœ ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื’ืŸ.

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืกืชื” ืื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืœื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื’ื•ืจืฉืช?

ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื—ืฆืชื” ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื” ืื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืœื™ ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœื—ืœื•ืŸ. ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืžื•ืขื ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจืชื” ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื. ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืจื— ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ื•ืฉืœืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืœืชื™ื‘ืช ื“ื•ืืจ.

ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœื›ื” ืžื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ืชืขืชื™ืง

15.3
ืœื•ื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ืงืจื”, ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืฉืœื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืœืื”. ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืื‘ืœ ืขืžื•ืกื” ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื•ื“. ืฉืžื—ืชื™ ืขื ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ + ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืœื”. ืชืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื”. ืชื›ื™ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืืช ืงืœืคื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื“ื’ืณ. ืžืชื™ ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื ืชืจืื”! ื“ืดืฉ ืœืœื ื™. ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื‘ื” ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง. ืœืณ

ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ื ืžืกืจื” ืœื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื–ื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื™ ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืœื™.

Annelie
ืื ืœื™

ืžืชื™ ื ืขืฆืจื” ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ื™ื ืจ ื•ื ืฉืœื—ื” ืœื•ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง?

ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื•ืื‘ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื™ื•ึน ืจื™ื™ื ืจ, ื ืจืฆื—, ื ืฉืœื—ื” ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ื™ื ืจ ืœื•ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง. ืขื ื”ื’ืขืชื ืœืžื—ื ื”, ื‘ึพ9 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1945, ื”ื•ืคืจื“ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”.

ืžืคืช ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง
ยฉ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื–ื›ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืื” (USHMM), ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™.ืกื™., ืžืกืณ 08049. ื‘ืื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื ื™ ื”ืœืจ

ืชืขืชื™ืง

ืืกึพืืก โ€“ ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืดืœืื’ืจ ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืงืด, ื“ืจื ืชื” โ€“ ื”ื•ืœื ื“
[ืžืกื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืง:]
8 ืฆืจื™ืคื™ ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ
ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื
ืžืชื—ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื

ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื™ืฆืื” ืžื•ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง, ื‘ึพ13 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1944, ื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืืกื™ืจื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื›ื‘ื• ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืกืชืชืจ ืืš ื”ืชื’ืœื• ืื• ื”ื•ืกื’ืจื•. ืืœื• ื ื›ืœืื• ื‘ืฆืจื™ืคื™ ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื ืคืจื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื ื”. ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื.

ืื™ืžื ื•ืกื•ืœ ื ืืกืจื• ื‘ืฆืจื™ืฃ ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช, ืžืจืงื• ื ืฉืœื— ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื, ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืฉืคื–ืชื™ ื‘ืฆืจื™ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื.

Ab
ืืคึผ
ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื—ื ื”. ืžื‘ื˜ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘, ืืจื•ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ, 1939/40
ยฉ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืจืฆื— ืขื, ืฉื•ืื” ื•ืžืœื—ืžื” (NIOD), ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืžืกืณ 66243

ื‘ืขืช ื”ื’ืขืชื ื• ืœื•ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืœืžื–ืจื—.

Ab
ืืคึผ

ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ื ืคืจื“?

ืืคึผ ืจืื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ืื™ืžื• ืœื•ึผ, ืืช ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ื• ืกื•ืœ ื•ืืช ืื—ื™ื• ืžืจืงื• ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1945. ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชืื—ื“ื•, ื™ื›ืœื• ืกื•ืฃึพืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื”ืชืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉื ืจืฆื—.

ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžื—ื ื” ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืงื ื“ื™ื, ืชืฆืœื•ื ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื, 12 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1945
ยฉ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืจืฆื— ืขื, ืฉื•ืื” ื•ืžืœื—ืžื” (NIOD), ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืžืกืณ 66445

ื‘ึพ12 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1945 ืฉื—ืจืจื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžึพ850 ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง. ื™ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืขื–ื‘ ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืžื—ื ื”, ื’ืžืงืจ, ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ื ื” ืฉืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคืงืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช.

ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื ืืœืฆื• ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื˜ืขืžื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฉื›ื”. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœื‘ืจืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ืื•ืชื ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ื’ื•ืจืฉื•, ื•ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ืื ืฉื™ืชืคื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื. ืจืง ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ื•ืœื™ 1945 ื”ื•ืจืฉื• ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื ื”.

ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื•ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ื”ืžื—ื ื”, ืœื ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืื“ื ืฉืžื—.

Ab
ืืคึผ

ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื™ื•ึน ื•ืืŸ ื“ืจ ื”ืœื, ืฉื”ืกืชื™ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื” ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ื™ื ืจ, ืœืžื—ื ื” ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ?

ื™ื•ึน ื•ืืŸ ื“ืจ ื”ืœื ื™ื“ืขื” ื›ื™ ื™ื•ึน ืจื™ื™ื ืจ ื ืจืฆื— ื•ืจืฆืชื” ืœื‘ืจืจ ืžื” ืขืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ืจืœื ืฉืœ ืฉืืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื”ื™ื ื ืกืขื” ืœื•ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืงืจื. ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืกื™ืคืจื” ืœื”ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืืŸ ื•ืืŸ ื“ืจ ื”ืœื.
 

ื™ื•ึน ื•ืืŸ ื“ืจ ื”ืœื, ืฉื”ืกืชื™ืจื” ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ื™ื ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื”, 1944
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ื ืช

ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืื—ื“ ื™ื•ึน ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื—ื ื”. ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืื™ืชื” ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ืกืจ ืœื ื• ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืชืคื™ืกืชื ื•.

Ab
ืืคึผ
ืืชืจ ื”ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ื ืช

ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื” ืกื™ื›ื ื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•?

Ab
ืืคึผ
15 ื™ื•ืœื™ 1942 15 ื™ื•ืœื™ 1942
1135 1135
ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื’ื•ืจืฉื•
ืžึพ
ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง
ืœึพ
ืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ

ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื™ืฆืื” ืžืดืžื—ื ื” ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจืชื™ืด ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ืืœ ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื•ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ื‘ึพ15 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1942. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืฉื• ืžื•ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ื›ึพ100,000 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ึพ93 ืฉื™ืœื•ื—ื™ื. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ืืš ื—ืœืงืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœ ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืกื•ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ ื•ื’ื˜ื• ื˜ืจื–ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื˜.

ืžื‘ื™ืŸ 107,000 ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืฉื• ืžื”ื•ืœื ื“, ืจืง ื›ึพ5000 ื–ื›ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื•ืจืฉื• ื’ื 245 ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืกื™ื ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืจื•ืžื”. ืจืง ื›ึพ30 ืžื”ื ืฉืจื“ื•.

ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื™ื™ืš ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ. ืดื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืืด (Judenreferat, IV-B-4), ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื” ืขืžื“ ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ืื™ื™ื›ืžืŸ, ืงื‘ืขื” ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืืช ืžื•ืขื“ื. ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื™ื™ืฉืžื” ืดื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื‘ื”ืื’ืด ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ. ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื›ื ื” ืืช ืžืคืงื“ ืžื—ื ื” ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ื›ืžื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื’ืจืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื ืชื•ืŸ. ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžื’ื•ืจืฉื™ื โ€“ ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืžื—ื ื”.

ืคืจืง 6: ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ