ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ

ืคืจืง 6
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ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื’ื™ืจืฉื• ืืœืคื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืœ ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ. ื”ื ืงื™ื•ื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืฉืฉื”ื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืžื•ืจืชื ื›ื•ืคืจ. ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ืœ ื•ืœื‘ื ื‘ืš ื’ื•ืจืฉื• ืœืžื—ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ, ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืฆืืช ืžืฉื ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ.

ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื” ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืฉื—ื“ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืืกึพืืก, ื’ื•ืจืฉื• ื•ื ืจืฆื—ื•.

ืžืชื™ ื’ื•ืจืฉื” ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ ืžื”ื•ืœื ื“ ืœื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ?

ื‘ึพ11 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1944 ื’ื•ืจืฉื• 1037 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืžื•ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ืœื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ. ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœืฆืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืจืฆื™ืฃ ื”ืชื—ื ื” ืืœ ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–.

ืชื—ื ืช ืขืฆื™ืจื” ื•ืจืžืคืช ืจื›ื‘ืช ืกืžื•ืš ืœื‘ืจื’ืŸ. ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื”ื’ืฉืจ ืฉืžืขืœ ืžืกื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ, 28 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1945
ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืขืดืฉ ื‘ืจืžืŸ, ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื”, ื’ืณื•ืจื’ืณื™ื”/ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืกืžื›ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฆืณืจืœืก ืงืจื˜ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ, ืžืกืณ CCM 405.006, ื ื—ืœืช ื”ื›ืœืœ

ื”ื™ื” ืงืจ ื•ืžื•ืฉืœื’, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื—ื™ื›ื• ืœื ื• ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืืกึพืืก ืขื ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื‘ื™ื. ื”ื ืฆืขืงื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื–ื“ืจื– ื•ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืจื›ื‘ืช.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ
ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืืช ืœื•ืื™ ืืฉืจ, 1943
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืฉืจ

ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ื” ื”ื ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ืื™ ืืฉืจ. ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ ื‘ึพ11 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1944, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ. ืœืื•ืจืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืืกืจื• ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืจืฉื ื‘ืกืชืจ ืกืฆื ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืึพื™ื•ื ื•ืืช ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื. ืืช ื”ืขืคืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืขืžื• ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืขื˜ ืฉื”ื•ืจืฉื” ืœืฉืืช ื‘ืชืจืžื™ืœ. ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืขื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื.

ืœื•ืื™ ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ึพ3 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1885 ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ื•ืžืช ื‘ึพ19 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1945 ื‘ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืดื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื”ืด.

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืจืื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ?

ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ื—ืœืคื”, ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืืœื” ืฉืฉืจืจื• ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืื—ืจื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ื™ืจื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื• ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื—ื•ืœืง ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.

ืฆืจื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืดืžื—ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืืด. ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžืืช ืœื•ืื™ ืืฉืจ, ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ, 1944/45
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืฉืจ

ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื ืงืจื ืณืžื—ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืืณ ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขื ื“ื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืื™ ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ
ืคื ื™ื ืฆืจื™ืฃ. ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžืืช ืœื•ืื™ ืืฉืจ, ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ, 1944/45
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืฉืจ

ืื ื™ ื•ืื‘ื™, ืกื ื“ืจ, ื’ืจื ื• ื‘ืฆืจื™ืฃ 13, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื“ื•ืœืฃ ื•ื™ื•ืกื˜, ืื‘ื™ื” ื•ืื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืœื™. ื™ืฉื ื• ื‘ื“ืจื’ืฉื™ื ื“ื•ึพืงื•ืžืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ 60 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ
ืคื ื™ื ืฆืจื™ืฃ ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื. ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžืืช ืœื•ืื™ ืืฉืจ, ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ, 1944/45
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืฉืจ

ืื™ืžื, ืžืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืจื•ืช ื•ืื ื™ ื’ืจื ื• ื‘ืฆืจื™ืฃ ืžืกืคืจ 21 ื‘ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™
ืืœื˜ืจืกื”ื™ื™ื (ืดื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื•ืชืด), ืฆืจื™ืฃ ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื. ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžืืช ืœื•ืื™ ืืฉืจ, ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ, 1944/45
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืฉืจ

ืกื‘ืชื ื ื˜ืข ืœื ื’ืจื” ืื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฆืจื™ืฃ. ื”ื•ืงืฆื” ืœื” ืžืงื•ื ื‘ึพAltersheim, ืฆืจื™ืฃ ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื. ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื”. ื’ื ืœื ื‘ืžึดืคึฐืงึธื“.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™
ืชืฆืœื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืฆื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ึพ17 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1944
ยฉ ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ (NCAP), ืื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื•, ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช, NCAP_ACIU_106G_2946_3051. ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช

ื‘ึพ17 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1944 ืฆื™ืœื ืžื˜ื•ืก ืกื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืืช ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฆืœื•ื ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ื ืจืื™ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ื‘ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืžืกื“ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืดืžื—ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืืด. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืขืจื›ื• ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืืกึพืืก ืžึดืคึฐืงึธื“. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืžึดืคึฐืงึธื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืขืžืจ ื‘ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืœื.

ืฆืจื™ืฃ 21, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืขืžื™ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื™ืžืŸ ืคึฐืจึตื™ื™ ื•ืขื ืžืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืžืกื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื. ื’ื ืื ืœื™ ืœื‘ื ื‘ืš ื•ืื™ืžื” ืœื™ืกื™ื” ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื•.

ืฆืจื™ืฃ 13, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื—ื ืŸ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื‘ื™ื• ืกื ื“ืจ, ืžืกื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืกื’ื•ืœ. ื’ื ื™ื•ืกื˜, ืื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืœื™, ื•ืื‘ื™ื” ื“ื•ืœืฃ ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื•.

ื”ืงื• ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืดืžื—ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืืด ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1944.

ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื ืขืจืš ื”ืžึดืคึฐืงึธื“ ื”ืฉื ื•ื ื‘ืณืืคืœืคืœืืฅืณ, ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืžืกื“ืจื™ื.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ
ืžื’ื“ืœ ืฉืžื™ืจื”. ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžืืช ืœื•ืื™ ืืฉืจ, ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ, 1944/45
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืฉืจ

ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืงืฃ ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืชื™ืœ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ืขื ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ื”ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื–ืจืงื•ืจื™ื ื•ืกืจืงื• ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ
ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืžืกืณ 2. ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžืืช ืœื•ืื™ ืืฉืจ, ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ, 1944/45
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืฉืจ

ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื•ื ื•ื ื•ืจื ื•ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื–ืขื•ืžื”.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ
ืœื—ื. ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžืืช ืœื•ืื™ ืืฉืจ, ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ, 1944/45
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืฉืจ

ื›ืœ ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืชืœื•ื ืŸ ืื• ื‘ื•ื›ื” ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœ, ื”ืœื—ื ืฉืœื•, ืื™ื ื ื•: ืณืœืงื—ื• ืœื™, ื’ื ื‘ื• ืœื™ืณ.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™

ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื›ืžื•ืช ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคื™ืงื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ

ื”ืื ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืดืžื—ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืืด ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“?

ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“. ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื–ืงื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ.

ืฆืจื™ืคื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžืืช ืœื•ืื™ ืืฉืจ, ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ, 1944/45
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืฉืจ

ืืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ืฆืื• ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืฉ ืขื ืคืœื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื›ืœืื”.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ

ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืกื’ื ื™ืช ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื›ืœืื”.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืืกื™ืจื™ ืดืžื—ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืืด ืขื ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื?

ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืžืฆืจื›ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื ืคืขื ืœื’ื ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื. ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืืกึพืืก ื”ืงื™ืžื• ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื•ืขื“ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืžื—ื ื”.

ื›ืœื™ ืื•ื›ืœ. ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžืืช ืœื•ืื™ ืืฉืจ, ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ, 1944/45
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืฉืจ

ืœืื™ืžื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ. ื”ืชืคืชื— ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™

ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ืงืจืื” ืœื™ื•ึผืคึผ ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื“ืŸ-ืืœื˜ืกื˜ื” (ื–ืงืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื). ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘, ื”ืฉืชื›ื ืข ืžื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ื•ืœืคื™ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™
ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืก, 1945
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ื ืกึพื“ื™ื˜ืจ ืืจื ืฅ

ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžื™ื ื” ื”ืืกึพืืก ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืดื–ืงืŸ ื”ืžื—ื ื”ืด (ืœืื’ืจึพืืœื˜ืกื˜ื”) ื•ืดื–ืงืŸ ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงืด (ื‘ืœื•ืงึพืืœื˜ืกื˜ื”). ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื ืงืœืขื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘: ื”ื ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืกึพืืก, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืขืžื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืชื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืžืื•ื“. ื”ืืกึพืืก ื ื™ืฆืœ ืืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื.

ื™ื•ืกืฃ (ื™ื•ึผืคึผ) ื•ื™ื™ืก ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืกื’ื ื• ืฉืœ ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืดืžื—ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืืด, ืดื–ืงืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืืด. ื”ื—ืœ ืžื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1944 ืžื™ืœื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื”, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื•ื”ืกื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื.

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืก ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื ืžืœื˜ื• ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1933. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1944 ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืฉื• ืœืžื—ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ.

ืขืจื™ืžืช ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืœืคื™ืจื•ืง. ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžืืช ืœื•ืื™ ืืฉืจ, ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ, 1944/45
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืฉืจ

ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœืคืจืง ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืจ. ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื ืขืจืžื• ื‘ืขืจืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฆืจื™ืคื™ ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืื•ื‘ืงืช ื•ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ืช. ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ืืกึพืืก ืคื™ืงื—ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื”ืชืขืžืจื• ื‘ืืกื™ืจื™ื.

ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืฉื’ืชื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืขืจื›ืช ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื ื“ืœืจื™ื: ืื™ืžื•ื, ืคื˜ื™ืฉ, ืกื›ื™ืŸ ื•ืคืฆื™ืจืช ืกื ื“ืœืจื™ื. ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ื ืขืœื™ื™ื.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ

ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ, ืื™ึพืชืฉืœื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื”. ื›ืฉื–ื” ืงืจื” ืœื™, ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชื™ืง ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ
ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ืชืขืชื™ืง

ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜, ืื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื–ืืช ื”ื•ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจืง ืœื—ื [ืžืจืง ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื—ื] ืชื™ืžืกืจ ื”ืžื ื” ืฉื™ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืžื•ื™ื™ื–ืณืฉ [ืžืฉื”] ืืณ ืœืžืœืจ ืœื—ื ืŸ ื˜ืœ.
ื‘.ื‘. 13 [ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ] 1944
ื–ืงืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื: ื™ืณ ืืœื‘ืœื”
ืœืฆืจื™ืฃ 13.

ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื™ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜. ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ื—ื ืŸ.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™

ืžืงืจื” ืื—ืจ, ืงื•ืจืข ืœื‘, ืฉืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ื›ืื‘ ืจื‘, ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ืฉื’ื ื‘ื” ืœื—ื.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™

ื”ืื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืžืดืžื—ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืืด?

ื›ึพ1,300 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื ืžืกืžื›ื™ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื—ื–ืงื• ื‘ืดืžื—ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืืด. ืจืง 222 ืžื”ื ืื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื•. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1944 ื”ื ื ืฉืœื—ื• ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ื“ืจืš ืื™ืกื˜ื ื‘ื•ืœ ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ.

ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืื™ืกื˜ื ื‘ื•ืœ
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ืณืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื”ืณ โ€“ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ื—ืœืคื” ืชืžื•ืจืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™

ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœืคื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”, ื“ื•ื“ ื–ืณืืง ืœื ื–ื™ื”ื” ืืช ืื™ืžื•. ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืจื–ืชื” ื•ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ
ืืฉืจืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืชื ืจื•ื ื˜ื” ื•ื– ื“ื™ืืก ืืœื–ืก
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ืชืขืชื™ืง

ืžืžืฉืœืช ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื”
ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”
ืžืกืณ ืชื™ืง โ€ฆ ืžืกืณ ืจื™ืฉื•ื [ืœื ืงืจื™ื]
ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืœืืฉืจ ื›ื™ ืœื•[ื–] ื“ื™ื[ืก] ืจ[ื•]ื ื˜ื” โ€“ ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื” ื›ืžื”ื’ืจืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”, 1933.
10.7.1944 [ืœื ืงืจื™ื] ืขื•ื–ืจ ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”
ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช, ื ืžืœ ื—ื™ืคื”

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืกืข ื›ืชื‘ื” ืกื‘ืชื ืจื•ื ื˜ื” ื•ื– ื“ื™ืืก ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ:

ืดื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื”ึพ30 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1944. ื‘ืฉืขื” 3:00 ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฆืขื“ื ื• ืžื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ ืืœ [ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช,] ื‘ืฉืขื” 5:00 ื”ื’ืขื ื• ื•ื‘ืฉืขื” 7:00 ื™ืฆืื ื• ืœื“ืจืš ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื‘ืฉืขื” 9:00, ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื”. ื ืœืงื—ื ื• ืœืžืขื•ืŸ ืœื—ืกืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช, ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ื•ื ืงื™, ืื›ืœื ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ื‘ืฉืขื” 17:00 ื ืกืขื ื• [ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช] ืœืื™ืกื˜ื ื‘ื•ืœ. ื‘ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกืขื“ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืื›ืœื ื• ืื•ื›ืœ ื˜ืขื™ื ืžืื•ื“. ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืœื ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”ืด.

ืžื ื”ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื ืงืจื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืื™ 1951. ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื‘ื ื• ืจื•ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžื™ืชืจ/ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืคืจื™ืฆืงืจ, ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ื“ื•ื“ ื–ืณืืง ื•ื– ื“ื™ืืก, ืื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื ืคึฐืจึตื™ื™ ื˜ืœ, ืžืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื•:

ืดื‘ื“ืจืš ื ืก ื’ื ืื™ืžื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ. ืžื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื”ื ื ืกืขื• ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ืœืงืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื•ืจืช ืœื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”. ืžืจื’ืข ื–ื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™. ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืื™ ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื—ื•ืจื™ืŸ. ืžืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”, ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœืด.

ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื• ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืžืงื™ืฅ 1944?

ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืืœ ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ. ืืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื—ื ื”, ื”ื ืื™ืœืฆื• ืืช ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ื•ืคืฃ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžื’ื•ืจื™ ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืชื ืื™ ื”ืชื‘ืจื•ืื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืกืคืงื™ื.

ื“ืจื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงื•ืžื•ืช. ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžืืช ืœื•ืื™ ืืฉืจ, ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ, 1944/45
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืฉืจ

ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ึพืงื•ืžืชื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1944, ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืžืžื—ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ, ื”ื ืฉื•ื ื• ืœืชืœืชึพืงื•ืžืชื™ื™ื.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ
ืชืฆืœื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืฆื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, 13 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1944
ยฉ ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ (NCAP), ืื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื•, ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช, NCAP_ACIU_16_1172_4084. ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช

ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืจืืฉื™ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–. ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ื’ื ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืกื™ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื™ืจื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื• ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื—ืœืฃ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.

ื”ื—ืœ ืžืžืจืฅ 1944 ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืืกึพืืก ืœื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ ื’ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืชืฉื•ืฉื™ื ืžืžื—ื ื•ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื”ืืกึพืืก ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ืกื“ืจื”. ืžืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ. ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื›ื ื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื ื” โ€“ ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื.

ื”ื—ืœ ืžืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1944 ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืžื—ื ื” ื’ื ื ืฉื™ื ืžืžื—ื ื•ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืื—ืจื™ื. ืืœืคื™ื ืžื”ืŸ ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื”. ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื•ืช, ื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ืžื—ื ื”. ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ื ื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื ื•ืกืฃ โ€“ ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื.

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฉืžืจื• ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื’ืจื” ื•ืขืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื”?

ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืขื ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืึพื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื™ื“, ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื•ืงืจื™ืืช ืกืคืจื™ื. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœื”ื ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ื•ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื—ื™ื–ืงื• ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื ืฉื›ื—ื• ืื•ืชื.

ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช: ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื‘ื•ืื™ื ื’ B-17 ืคืœื™ื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืจื˜ืจืก (ืดื”ืžื‘ืฆืจ ื”ืžืขื•ืคืฃืด) ื‘ื˜ื™ืกืช ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื”ึพ401, ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ืืคืจื™ืœ 1945
ยฉ Alamy, ืžื–ื”ื”: 2T600PC

ืžืงื™ืฅ 1944, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื, ืจืื™ื ื• ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื ื•.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ
ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ื ืขืžื™ ืœืื‘ื™ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ื”ึพ41 ื‘ึพ24 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1944
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ืชืขืชื™ืง

ืื‘ื ื™ืงืจ
ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ืœื™ื
ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืœื—ืช ืœืš.
ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš
ืžืื—ืœื™ื ืœืš ื˜ื•ื‘.
ืกื ื“ืจ ื‘ืŸ 41 ื”ื™ื•ื
ืื™ืœื• ืจืง ื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื” ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืฉื
ื–ื” ืœื ืžื›ืื™ื‘, ื–ื” ืœื ืคื•ื’ืข?
ืงืœ ืœื ื—ืฉ ืžื” ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
ื ื“ืžื” ืœื™ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฆืืช ืžื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืจื”

ืœืงืจืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื—ืกื›ื ื• ืœื—ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื• ืขื•ื’ื”.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™
ืชืœื™ื™ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืกื”. ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžืืช ืœื•ืื™ ืืฉืจ, ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ, 1944/45
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืฉืจ

ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžึดืคึฐืงึธื“, ื”ืงื•ืจ, ื”ืจืขื‘, ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืžื•ืชื”, ืงื™ื™ืžื ื• ืืช ืฉื’ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•. ื ื™ืงื™ื ื•, ื›ื™ื‘ืกื ื•, ืื›ืœื ื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™
ืžื“ื‘ืงื” ืžืื—ืช ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ
ยฉ ืืชืจ ื”ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ

ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืกื™ื•ืข. ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื ื‘ื“ืงื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืกึพืืก ื•ื—ืœืง ืžืชื›ื•ืœืชืŸ ื ื‘ื–ื–. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื›ืš ืฉืœื ื ืฉื›ื—ื• ื•ื’ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ.

ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ืœืงื ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื ื•, ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœื ืžืขืŸ. ื–ื” ืงืจื” ืื•ืœื™ ืคืขืžื™ื™ืึพืฉืœื•ืฉ, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื’ืจื ืœื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™
ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื ืฉื™ื. ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžืืช ืœื•ืื™ ืืฉืจ, ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ, 1944/45
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืฉืจ

ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื ืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืขืžื“ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™
ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืชื ื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ืชืื•ืžื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชืŸ
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ / ืืชืจ ื”ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ

ืชืขืชื™ืง

ืจื•ืช
R [ืจืณ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ืช]
ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš

ืฉื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืจื•ืช ื•ืื ื™ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช. ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื’ื’ื•ืช ืœื ื• ื‘ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื•.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™
ื›ืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืกืคืจ โ€œJoop ter Heulโ€™s Problemenโ€
ืžืืช ืกื™ืกื™ ื•ืืŸ ืžืจืงืกื•ื•ืœื˜; ืื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžืืช Is. van Mens, ื”ื•ืฆืืช Valkhoff & Co, ืืžืจืกืคื•ืจื˜, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช (1925 ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ื‘)

ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืœื—ื ื• ืœื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ ื”ื•ืจืฉื™ืชื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืื™ืชื™ ืฉื ื™ ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืฉืœื ื•.

Annelie
ืื ืœื™
ื›ืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืกืคืจ โ€œDe H.B.S. Tyd van Joop ter Heulโ€
ืžืืช ืกื™ืกื™ ื•ืืŸ ืžืจืงืกื•ื•ืœื˜; ืื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžืืช Is. van Mens, ื”ื•ืฆืืช Valkhoff & Co, ืืžืจืกืคื•ืจื˜, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช, 1926

ื‘ื“ืจืš ื ืก ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืกืคืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžืืช ืกื™ืกื™ ื•ืืŸ ืžืจืงืกื•ื•ืœื˜.

Annelie
ืื ืœื™

ืžื” ื’ืจื ืœื”ื—ืžืจื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ืœ ืžื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1944?

ื”ืืกึพืืก ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืืกื™ืจื™ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืคื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืฉืืœื™ื”ื ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืžืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 1944 ื•ืื™ืœืš ื”ืคืš ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ ื™ืขื“ ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื—ื™ ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืœืฆืขื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื•ืช.

ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ืงืจืžืจ (ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ) ื‘ื–ื•ืœื”ื™ื˜ื” (Solahรผtte), ืืชืจ ื”ื ื•ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืืกึพืืก ืœื™ื“ ืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1944
ยฉ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื–ื›ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืื” (USHMM), ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™.ืกื™., ืžืกืณ 34755

ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1944 ืžื•ื ื” ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ืงืจืžืจ ืœืžืคืงื“ ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ. ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžืคืงื“ ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื•ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅึพื‘ื™ืจืงื ืื•, ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืœืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžึพ300,000 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื. ืขื ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ ื—ืœื” ื”ื—ืžืจื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื.

ื‘ืชืฆืœื•ื ื ืจืื™ื ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ืืกึพืืก ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื ื•ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืืกึพืืก ื‘ื–ื•ืœื”ื™ื˜ื” (Solahรผtte), ืกืžื•ืš ืœืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1944. 

ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ: ื“ืดืจ ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ืžื ื’ืœื”, ืจื•ื“ื•ืœืฃ ื”ืก (ืžืคืงื“ื• ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅึพื‘ื™ืจืงื ืื•), ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ืงืจืžืจ (ืื– ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅึพื‘ื™ืจืงื ืื•) ื•ืื ื˜ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืืŸ.

ืชืฆืœื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืฆื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, 13 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1944
ยฉ ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ (NCAP), ืื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื•, ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช, NCAP_ACIU_16_1172_4084. ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช

ื”ืืกึพืืก ื ื–ืงืง ืœืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืืกื™ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ืื•ืœืฆื• ืœื”ื™ื“ื—ืก ืœืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฆืจื™ืคื™ื. ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ืืฃ ืฉืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1945 ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืจืžืื›ื˜ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืืช ืžื—ื ื” ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืกึพืืก, ื•ืฉื ืฉื•ื›ื ื• ืืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืขืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ.

ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ?

ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืขืžื™, ื‘ึพ5 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1944, ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื’ื‘ืจื”. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื—ืœืชื” ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืชื”. ื”ืื ืคึฐืจึตื™ื™ ื—ืœืชื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก, ื”ืื‘ ืกื ื“ืจ ื ื—ืœืฉ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื—ืœื” ื‘ืงื“ื—ืช ื”ื‘ื”ืจื•ืช.

ืžืกืžืจ ืฉื—ื ืŸ ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืขืžื“ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืฆืจื™ืฃ 21
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืœื, ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื•, ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ ืฆืจื™ืฃ 21, ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืœื”ืฆื˜ื•ืคืฃ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€“ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื˜ื”.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™

ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื•ืœื”. ืžืฆื‘ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืžื”ืจ.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™
34 image ch6 web

ืจื•ืช ื˜ืœ

1932โ€“1945

ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ืื—ื•ืชื ื• ืจื•ืช ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื‘ึพ3 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1945, ื™ืดื— ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืดื”, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 12.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ
ืืคืœืคืœืืฅ. ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืžึดืคึฐืงึธื“ ืœืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื. ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžืืช ืœื•ืื™ ืืฉืจ, ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ, 1944/45
ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืฉืจ

ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื•, ืื‘ื ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ืืช ื”ืขื’ืœื” ืฉืœืงื—ื” ืืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื. ื—ืฆื™ื ื• ืืช ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืžึดืคึฐืงึธื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื›ื ื• ืขื“ ืœืฉืขืจ ื”ืžื›ืœืื”.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™

ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื–ืจื” ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ืื‘ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืขืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ ื•ืืฉืชื• ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื”.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™

ืื‘ื ืืžืจ: ืณืชืฉื™ืจื™! ื›ื›ื” ืชื–ื›ืจื™ ืื•ืชื”ืณ.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™
ืจื™ืฉื•ื 323 ื‘ืคื ืงืก ื”ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ืช ื˜ืœ
ยฉ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ื’ื˜ืื•ืช, ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ื™ 528, ืคืจื™ื˜ ืžืกืคืจ 13959, ืขืžื•ื“ 93

ืชืขืชื™ืง

323 ื˜ืœ ืจื•ืช [ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ึพ] 5.12.32 [ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ึพ3.1.45, ื‘ืฉืขื”] 21.0

ืดื–ืงืŸ ื”ืžื—ื ื”ืด, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืชื™ืขื“ ืืช ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืดืžื—ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืืด. ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื, ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืคื˜ื™ืจื” ื•ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.

ืขื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1945 ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžึพ320 ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืžืชื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืจืขื‘ ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช. ืžืชื•ืš ื›ึพ4,500 ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื—ื–ืงื• ื‘ืดืžื—ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืืด, ืžืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžืชื• ืขื“ ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ื ื”.



ืฉืœื’ ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืงื˜ืŸ. ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžืืช ื”ื ืจื™ ืคื™ืง
ืžืชื•ืš: ืดื”ื ืจื™ ืคื™ืง, ื‘ื•ื›ื ื•ื•ืืœื“. ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืžืžื—ื ื” ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ืด, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืคืจื ืงืคื•ืจื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื™ืŸ, 1981

ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื, ืžืืช ื”ืืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ื”ื ืจื™ ืคื™ืง, ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืกื™ืจ ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื‘ื•ื›ื ื•ื•ืืœื“. ืืฃ ืฉืœื ืฆื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืงืฃ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืฉืจืจื• ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ 1945. ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื—ืจ ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•.

ืื‘ื ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ืจื–ื” ืขื ืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื. ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืœ ื•ื”ืžื•ืขื˜ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœื•.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ

ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื ืžื›ื•ืœ. ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืœืš ื•ื”ื—ืžื™ืจ, ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ื•ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.

Chanan
ื—ื ืŸ
ื‘ืœื–ืŸ, ืืคืจื™ืœ 1945. ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืจื™ืก ื–ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื–ืŸ
ยฉ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ (IWM), ืžืกืคืจ ืคืจื™ื˜ ART LD 5467

ืืžื ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื“ื•ืจื™ืก ื–ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืžื—ื ื” ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืชืขื“ ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืœื• ืœืขื™ื ื™ื”. ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ ืœืžืจืื•ืช ืขืจืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ 1945 ืฉื ืฆืจื‘ื• ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ืขืžื™.

ืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ืžืชื™ื. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืจื ื›ืœ ื›ืš. ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ.

Noomi
ื ืขืžื™

ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืœื‘ื ื‘ืš?

ืื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืœื™, ื“ื•ืœืฃ ืœื‘ื ื‘ืš, ืžืช ื‘ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ. ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืื™ืžื” ื•ืื—ื™ื” ื ืืœืฆื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืœืžื—ืจืช, ืื ืœื™ ืœื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืœื‘ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืขื’ืœื” ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื” ื’ื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื” ืขื“ ืœืฉืขืจ ืดืžื—ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืืด.

39 image ch6 web

ื“ื•ืœืฃ ืœื‘ื ื‘ืš

1891โ€“1945

ยฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื˜ืœ

ืื‘ื ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ึพ3 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1945, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 54.

Annelie
ืื ืœื™
ื›ืœื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ
ยฉ ืืชืจ ื”ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ

ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืกื•ืฃ, ื›ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืงื•ื, ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžืจืง ืœืคืช.

Annelie
ืื ืœื™

ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชืื‘ืœ. ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืœืฉืจื•ื“.

Annelie
ืื ืœื™
ืจื™ืฉื•ื 748 ื‘ืคื ืงืก ื”ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื•ืœืฃ ืœื‘ื ื‘ืš
ยฉ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ื’ื˜ืื•ืช, ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ื™ 528, ืคืจื™ื˜ ืžืกืคืจ 13959, ืขืžื•ื“ 106

ืคื ืงืกื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืก ืžืดืžื—ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืืด ืžืชืขื“ ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ. ืžืชื•ืš ื›ึพ120,000 ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืฉื• ืœืžื—ื ื”, ื”ืŸ ืœืžื—ื ื” ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืžื—ื ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื, 38,000 ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืžืชื• ืขื“ ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื‘ึพ15 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1945, ื•ืขื•ื“ 14,000 ืžืชื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืžืชื ืื™ ื”ืžืืกืจ.

ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ืงืจืžืจ ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืืกึพืืก ืฉืคืขืœื• ืชื—ืชื™ื• ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืชื ืขืจ ืžืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื ืœืกื‘ืœ ื•ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืืกื™ืจื™ื. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืื•ืžื ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืืกึพืืก ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื—ื™ ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืฆืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ืืš ืœืžืคืงื“ ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื’ืŸึพื‘ืœื–ืŸ. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืžื—ื ื” ืงื™ืฆืฆื” ื‘ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœืืกื™ืจื™ื, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืžืœืื™.

ืคืจืง 7: ืดื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื”ืด ื•ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ